The cruising range of a 48V 150Ah golf cart battery on hilly courses is significantly lower than that on flat courses, affected by slope resistance, terrain fluctuation, and continuous variable load operation. The 48V 150Ah battery has a total energy of 7200Wh, which is the mainstream high-capacity configuration for 4-seater and 6-seater electric golf carts. On standard flat golf courses with flat terrain and smooth lawn roads, the battery can support a continuous driving range of 80–95 kilometers, or about 36–42 holes of golf course cycling. However, hilly courses with continuous slopes, undulating terrain, and uphill and downhill alternating sections will greatly increase the operating load of the golf cart motor, resulting in sharp power consumption growth and range attenuation.

On mild hilly courses with slope gradients below 8 degrees and sparse terrain fluctuations, the actual cruising range of the 48V 150Ah battery is maintained at 60–70 kilometers, equivalent to 28–32 holes of cycling. The motor needs to continuously overcome gravitational resistance during uphill driving, and the average power consumption per kilometer increases by 30–35% compared with flat roads. Although downhill sections can achieve slight energy recovery for partial power supplement, the recovery efficiency of ordinary golf cart controllers is only 15–20%, which cannot offset the high power consumption of uphill climbing. On medium hilly courses with slopes of 8–15 degrees and frequent terrain undulations, the battery range drops to 40–50 kilometers, supporting only 18–24 holes of normal use. Long-time high-load operation leads to increased battery discharge current, reduced energy conversion efficiency, and obvious battery heating, further accelerating power loss.

For steep hilly courses with slopes exceeding 15 degrees and continuous long slopes, the effective cruising range of the 48V 150Ah battery is only 25–35 kilometers, covering 12–16 holes at most. In this scenario, the golf cart motor runs at full load for a long time, the battery maintains high-current discharge, and the instantaneous power consumption surges to 2–3 times that of flat-road driving. In addition, multiple influencing factors such as passenger load, driving speed, and ambient temperature will further adjust the range: carrying 4–6 passengers will reduce the hilly course range by an additional 10–15%; driving at a speed higher than 25km/h will increase wind resistance and power consumption, reducing the range by about 8%; low-temperature environments in autumn and winter will reduce battery activity, causing another 10% range attenuation on hilly terrains. Regular maintenance of battery cell balance and tire pressure can effectively optimize the hilly course cruising performance of 48V 150Ah batteries and reduce invalid power loss.