With the comprehensive popularization of short-distance transportation scenarios such as daily commuting, urban and rural freight, and community distribution, 48V electric tricycles have become core transportation tools for people's livelihood-based short-distance travel by virtue of their core advantages of low cost, high adaptability and low energy consumption. As the core power component of complete vehicles, the stability, efficiency and high quality of the 48V dedicated battery supply chain directly underpin the development of the electric tricycle industry. At present, China's 48V electric tricycle battery supply chain has formed a complete industrial pattern with coordinated upstream and downstream links, dual technical tracks and mature production and sales systems. Meanwhile, driven by escalating market demands, the supply chain is undergoing in-depth iteration toward standardization, intelligence and green development.

　　In terms of upstream core raw materials, 48V electric tricycle batteries mainly include two mainstream types: lead-acid batteries and lithium iron phosphate batteries, with differentiated raw material layouts. The lead-acid battery supply chain is highly mature, with core raw materials including lead concentrate, sulfuric acid, modified plastic shells and rubber partitions. Domestic raw materials feature sufficient production capacity and high industrial concentration, and large-scale procurement effectively reduces raw material costs, meeting the mass production needs of low-end commuter tricycles. As an upgraded product, lithium iron phosphate batteries adopt core materials such as lithium iron phosphate cathodes, graphite anodes, electrolyte and separators. The continuous decline in lithium carbonate prices in recent years has greatly eased the cost pressure on midstream battery manufacturers, making 48V lithium-ion batteries more affordable and a mainstream upgrade in the industry. The high concentration of leading upstream enterprises ensures the stability of core material supply and quality.

　　The midstream sector serves as the core hub for the production of 48V tricycle batteries, covering core processes including cell manufacturing, module integration, PACK assembly and BMS matching. The industry currently has a two-tier enterprise pattern. Traditional leading enterprises such as Tianneng and Chaowei dominate the market with years of channel and technological accumulation, providing full-range 48V batteries suitable for diverse scenarios including household commuting, freight and shared tricycles. At the same time, major power battery manufacturers represented by CATL have entered the low-speed tricycle battery market with structural optimization and large-scale production technologies, launching high-adaptability and long-cycle 48V dedicated lithium battery modules. Most midstream enterprises adopt vehicle-grade A-grade cells and are equipped with intelligent BMS, providing comprehensive protection against overcharging, overdischarging, overvoltage and temperature abnormalities, solving the pain points of traditional batteries such as bulging, short service life and low safety, and greatly improving the durability and safety of 48V batteries.

　　The downstream application, circulation and service links form a closed loop for the supply chain. Core downstream demand parties include mainstream tricycle manufacturers such as Jinpeng, Zongshen and Huaihai, covering the after-sales replacement market, shared travel operators and urban and rural distribution enterprises. The industry adopts a dual development model of self-built production capacity of vehicle manufacturers and external procurement. Leading vehicle enterprises have built independent battery production lines to ensure stable supporting supply for core models, while small and medium-sized manufacturers realize flexible procurement through professional battery suppliers. A three-in-one circulation system consisting of national distribution networks, online e-commerce channels and offline after-sales maintenance services has been established, enabling rapid battery distribution, installation, trade-in and after-sales support, and completing the last mile of the supply chain.

　　Nevertheless, the 48V electric tricycle battery supply chain still faces challenges. The low-end market has problems such as mixed use of non-brand disassembled cells and secondary cells, resulting in uneven product quality. Many small and medium-sized supply chain enterprises lack standardized production, leading to poor compatibility in battery size and parameters. In addition, the waste battery recycling system is not fully popularized, restricting the improvement of resource recycling efficiency. To address these issues, the industry is continuously optimizing and upgrading. Improved national and industrial standards are phasing out low-end backward production capacity and standardizing the entire process of battery production, assembly and testing. A full-chain traceability system is being gradually implemented through exclusive cell QR codes and production data retention to realize full-process product traceability. Meanwhile, the green recycling industrial chain is accelerating development, promoting the secondary utilization and raw material regeneration of waste batteries to achieve green and sustainable development of the supply chain.

　　In summary, the 48V electric tricycle battery supply chain has achieved large-scale and systematic development with mature advantages in cost control, technological iteration and channel coverage. In the future, with the standardized development of the low-speed electric vehicle industry, the supply chain will be further upgraded toward intelligent production, standardized adaptation, green circulation and high-quality customization, continuously strengthening the core supporting capacity of the short-distance electric transportation industry.